Learning Writing................................... 1
How to Use This Text............................. 1
Why Bother?......................................... 2
Taking Notes......................................... 2
Annotating Texts................................... 3
Journals................................................ 3
Writing Process.................................... 5
Pre-Writing............................................ 5
Free-Writing...................................... 5
Brainstorming................................... 6
Mapping........................................... 7
Journalists’ Questions....................... 8
Reading for Writing........................... 8
Planning................................................ 9
Writing for a Purpose........................ 9
Writing for an Audience................... 10
The College Essay...................... 11
Formal Essay Organization........ 11
Writing Hints............................. 13
Stylistic Hints............................ 13
The Organization Plan Page..... 14
Outlines.................................... 19
Paragraphs..................................... 21
Development............................ 21
Coherence and Unity................. 23
Patterns of Development for
Paragraphs and Essays........ 27
Narration................................... 27
Description............................... 30
Example................................... 32
Definition.................................. 34
Process.................................... 37
Comparison (and Contrast)........ 39
Analogy.................................... 46
Division and Classification......... 48
Analysis/Cause and Effect......... 51
Argumentation/Persuasion......... 56
Revision.............................................. 58
Manuscript Preparation................. 59
Writing: The Recursive Process............ 62
Reading................................................. 63
Specialized Forms of Writing.......... 69
Summarizing........................................ 69
Reports and Reviews........................... 72
Making Evaluations.............................. 73
Reviews, Critiques, and Evaluations...... 74
Essay Tests........................................ 79
Electronic Communications.................. 86
The Research Paper....................... 87
Step One: Limited Topic................. 87
Step Two: Preliminary Bibliography. 87
MLA Documentation............... 90
APA Documentation................ 95
Step Three: Notes.......................... 99
Assessing Sources.................. 99
Plagiarism............................. 100
Annotated Bibliography.......... 105
Step Four: Plan and Outline.......... 106
Step Five: First Draft.................... 106
Using Quotations in the Paper 107
MLA Internal Documentation... 108
Citing Literary Works in MLA... 111
Brackets and Ellipsis in MLA... 111
Summary and Paraphrasing.... 114
Longer Quotations................. 115
APA Citation.......................... 115
Step Six: Revision....................... 116
Step Seven: Final Draft................ 116
Checking the Paper................ 117
Reviewing Research Papers.......... 118
Writing in Response to Literature...... 120
Analysis...................................... 124
Interpretation................................ 129
Criticism...................................... 130
Film Analysis............................... 131
Poetry Analysis............................ 137
Glossary: Literary Terms............... 142
Business.......................................... 147
Job Interviews.............................. 147
Business Letters.......................... 148
Résumés..................................... 151
Memoranda................................. 156
Science Formats............................... 157
Graphs........................................ 158
Library Discovery............................. 159
Card Catalog..................................... 159
Magazines and Newspapers............... 162
Non-Print Resources.......................... 165
Special Help...................................... 165
Computer and Internet Sources........... 166
Librarians........................................... 167
Mechanics.......................................... 169
Usage............................................... 169
Sentence Structure............................. 170
Parallel Construction.......................... 171
Agreement......................................... 172
Verb/Subject................................ 172
Pronoun...................................... 174
Capitalization..................................... 175
Numbers............................................ 178
Punctuation....................................... 179
End Marks................................... 179
Commas...................................... 180
Colons........................................ 183
Semicolons................................. 184
Apostrophes................................ 184
Hyphens...................................... 185
Quotation Marks........................... 186
Underlining.................................. 188
Parentheses................................. 189
Brackets...................................... 189
Ellipsis........................................ 190
Dashes........................................ 191
Spelling............................................. 191
Spacing Punctuation Marks................ 193
Common Mistakes............................. 196
Symbols for Graded/Marked Papers... 197
Appendices........................................ 199
Student Models................................. 199
Documented Essays..................... 200
MLA Format.............................. 200
APA Format.............................. 243
Forms............................................... 254
Peer Response............................. 255
Reader Response.......................... 271
Writer Reflection............................ 273
Grade Rubrics.............................. 275
Grade Sheets............................ 285
Release......................................... 287
Class Contract............................... 289
Other Documentation Styles............... 291
MLA End Notes............................. 291
Index.................................................... 293